Uranus science planning

Recommendations for a 1979 Mariner Jupiter-Uranus mission are discussed with the possibility of launching the first outer planet atmospheric entry probe. Measurement categories considered for the mission include conducting imaging experiments, observations in both the IR and UV spectral range, experiments associated with magnetic fields, plasma, charged particles, and S- and X-band occultation measurements

Production of hollow components for rolling element bearings by diffusion welding

A hollow rolling element for a bearing is fabricated by diffusion welding hollow shells together. The hollow shell halves are joined by faying surfaces and diffusion welding

The employment effects of terminating disability benefits

This paper examines the employment of individuals in the United States who lost disability insurance eligibility after the 1996 removal of drug and alcohol addictions as qualifying conditions. Abstract Few Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries return to the labor force, making it hard to assess their likely employment in the absence of benefits. Using administrative data, I examine the employment of individuals who lost DI eligibility after the 1996 removal of drug and alcohol addictions as qualifying conditions. Approximately 22 percent started working at levels that would have disqualified them for DI, an employment response that is large relative to their work histories. Those who received DI for 2-3 years had the largest response, suggesting that a period of public assistance may maximize the employment of some disabled individuals

Conflicts of Interests in the Representation of Children

C ONFLICTS of interests arise whenever the representation of a client may be materially limited by the lawyer\u27s duties to either another client or a third person or by the interests of the lawyer herself.\u27 Analyzing such conflicts typically requires identifying situations involving a potentially impermissible conflict, determining whether the conflict is consentable, and, if it is, obtaining consent after full disclosure.2 Conflicts analysis is difficult enough when the client is an adult.3 When the client is a child, however, the analysis is complicated by a number of factors. For example, in the wide variety of cases in which children (or their interests) are involved, the child\u27s role varies enormously. In some cases, the child is actually a party; in others, the child has a legal interest of some sort; in still others, the outcome will affect the child only indirectly. Moreover, a child\u27s interests can be protected in a variety of fashions, some of which involve legal representation, some of which involve appointment of a guardian ad litem (who may be a lawyer), and some of which involve indirect protection through the participation of the parent. Even when it is clear that the lawyer\u27s role is actual representation, it may be unclear to whom the lawyer turns when decisions on behalf of the child are to be made. In some cases, the child may sue (or be sued) only through the parent as guardian or next friend. In other cases, the child may be named as a party, but the parent may assert the right to make some or all decisions on the child\u27s behalf. In still others, the child may not be a party at all, but the court may permit or assign a lawyer to represent either the child or the child\u27s guardian or guardian ad litem. Finally, the lawyer may choose or be asked to represent more than one party; for example, the lawyer may attempt to represent both parent and child, agency and child, or multiple siblings. All these situations involve at least the potential for conflicting interests; however, only some of the issues raised are amenable to resolution through conflict of interests analysis. Moreover, even among those issues that do fall within the purview of conflict of interests rules, there are several unique aspects of the representation of children which ultimately call for an analysis far more complex than that typically encountered in even the most intractable conflicts issues involving adults

Fabrication of hollow ball bearings by diffusion welding

Two steel hemispheres are diffusion welded in an atmosphere of 0.00002 torr at a temperature of 2130 degrees F for 4 hours with a pressure of 4 psi holding the hemispheres together. Weld is accomplished with only microdeformation

Ethical Issues in Mass Tort Plaintiffs’ Representation: Beyond the Aggregate Settlement Rule

Those who have addressed ethics issues for plaintiffs’ lawyers in mass tort litigation have focused on possible reform of the aggregate settlement rule to facilitate global settlements. This Article addresses a broader range of ethical issues, including (1) application of the general conflicts of interest rule to both client-client and client-lawyer conflicts; (2) unresolved issues concerning the interpretation of the current aggregate settlement rule, including the need to disclose client names and the applicability of the rule to court-approved settlements and formula or matrix allocations; and (3) the ability of lawyers to voluntarily withdraw from representing plaintiffs who reject an offer of settlement

Choice of Law for Professional Responsibility Issues in Aggregate Litigation

As the rest of the papers in this symposium issue demonstrate, aggregate litigationi raises difficult, often intractable choice-of-law issues for judges, as well as for litigants and their lawyers. Typically, judges must choose among rules governing not only substantive law, but also statutes of limitations, allocation of damages, and punitive damages. 2 What is less well-recognized is that aggregate litigation may also present difficult choice-of-law issues regarding the ethical conduct of the lawyers involved in these cases. So far, these issues have barely surfaced, not because professional responsibility questions have not been raised with respect to aggregate litigation, but rather because most courts apparently assume either that there are no significant differences among the relevant choices 3 or that it is obvious which jurisdiction\u27s rules apply. 4 As for the former assumption, it may once have been true that the ethical landscape was similar no matter where a lawyer practiced; however, over the past few decades jurisdictions have developed increasingly divergent professional responsibility law, whether by adopting different rules of professional conduct or by interpreting the same rules differently. 5 As for the latter assumption, it may be true that representation in litigation raises fewer professional responsibility choice of law questions than other types of representation; 6 nevertheless, representation in litigation poses far more difficult choice of law questions than has generally been recognized. And, of course, any difficulties presented by ordinary two-party litigation are necessarily multiplied when the litigation is complex. Until recently, professional responsibility choice of law issues were rarely raised even in two-party litigation. Most lawyers tried cases in the states where they were licensed, and the professional responsibility rules were often the same wherever a case was tried. 7 This is no longer the case. Recent decades have witnessed an incredible growth in law firms with multistate branch offices and a growing need for litigation and transactional legal services that cross state lines. Moreover, although there was some variation in the versions of the ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility adopted by almost all states shortly after its initial promulgation in 1969, the more halting acceptance of both the original 1983 ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct and its subsequent amendments have led to increasing conflicts. 9 It is only a matter of time before the choice of law issues raised by these conflicts come to the surface. The purpose of this brief essay is two-fold. First, I want to note the extent to which professional responsibility choice-of-law issues in litigation may be more complicated than is currently thought to be the case, even when the lawsuits are the typical twoparty variety. Second, I want to briefly sketch the nature of the additional complexities posed by aggregate litigation, including both class actions and individual lawsuits that have been aggregated (whether formally or informally) for various purposes. It is not my intention to offer either a comprehensive examination of these difficult issues or a specific proposal to resolve them. Rather, my goal is more modestly to raise consciousness about the nature of the professional responsibility choice-of-law issues that judges, litigants and their lawyers will almost certainly be confronting in the near and distant future